The blueprints serve as the basis for the wiring schematics, cable layouts, and discussions provided in the text. The house selected for this edition is scaled for current construction practices and costs.
Note, however, that the wiring, luminaires, appliances, number of outlets, number of circuits, and track lighting are not all commonly found in a home of this size. The wiring may incorporate more features than are absolutely necessary.
This was done to present as many features and Code issues as possible, to give the student more experience in wiring a residence. Also included are many recommendations that are above and beyond the basic NEC requirements. Until officially adopted, the NEC is merely advisory in nature.
State and local electrical codes may contain modifications of the NEC to meet local requirements. In some cases, local codes will adopt certain more stringent regulations than those found in the NEC. For example, the NEC recognizes nonmetallic-sheathed cable as an acceptable wiring method for house wiring. Yet, the city of Chicago and surrounding counties do not permit nonmetallic-sheathed cable for house wiring.
In these areas, all house wiring is done with electrical metallic tubing thinwall. According to another story, Nader managed to convince turkmens promising help in future, Nader returned to the province of Khorasan in [24]. Nader grew up during the final years of the Safavid dynasty which had ruled Iran since At its peak, under such figures as Abbas the Great, Safavid Iran had been a powerful empire, but by the early 18th century the state was in serious decline and the reigning shah, Sultan Husayn, was a weak ruler.
Under their leader Mahmud Hotaki, the rebellious Afghans moved westwards against the shah himself and in they defeated a force at the Battle of Gulnabad and then besieged the capital, Isfahan. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted to the local Afghan governor of Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but then rebelled and built up his own small army. Sultan Husayn's son had declared himself Shah Tahmasp II, but found little support and fled to the Qajar tribe, who offered to back him.
Meanwhile, Iran's imperial neighboring rivals, the Ottomans and the Russians, took advantage of the chaos in the country to seize and divide territory for themselves. This included mainly, but was not limited to, the losses of Dagestan including its principal city of Derbent , Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad.
The regions to the west of that, mainly Iranian territories in Georgia, Iranian Azerbaijan, and Armenia, were taken by the Ottomans. The newly gained Russian and Turkish possessions were confirmed and further divided amongst themselves in the Treaty of Constantinople He agreed and thus became a figure of national importance. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was in treacherous correspondence with Malek Mahmud and revealed this to the shah, Tahmasp executed him and made Nader the chief of his army instead.
Nader subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli Servant of Tahmasp. In late , Nader recaptured Mashhad. Nader chose not to march directly on Isfahan. First, in May , he defeated the Abdali Afghans near Herat. Many of the Abdali Afghans subsequently joined his army. The new shah of the Ghilzai Afghans, Ashraf, decided to move against Nader but in September , Nader defeated him at the Battle of Damghan and again decisively in November at Murchakhort, banishing the Afghans from Iranian soil forever.
Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing it over to Tahmasp in December. The citizens' rejoicing was cut short when Nader plundered them to pay his army. Tahmasp made Nader governor over many eastern provinces, including his native Khorasan, and married him to his sister. Nader pursued and defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers. He built a new city near Kandahar, which he named 'Naderabad'.
In the spring of , Nader attacked Iran's archrival the Ottomans and regained most of the territory lost during the recent chaos. At the same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign and save his brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to crush this uprising. Relations between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew jealous of his general's military successes.
While Nader was absent in the east, Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching a foolhardy campaign to recapture Yerevan. He ended up losing all of Nader's recent gains to the Ottomans, and signed a treaty ceding Georgia and Armenia in exchange for Tabriz. Nader, furious, saw that the moment had come to ease Tahmasp from power. He denounced the treaty, seeking popular support for a war against the Ottomans.
In Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp drunk then showed him to the courtiers asking if a man in such a state was fit to rule. Nader decided, as he continued the war, that he could win back the territory in Armenia and Georgia by seizing Ottoman Baghdad and then offering it in exchange for the lost provinces, but his plan went badly amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman general Topal Osman Pasha near the city in Nader decided he needed to regain the initiative as soon as possible to save his position because revolts were already breaking out in Iran.
He faced Topal again with a larger force and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, as well as Ganja in the northern provinces, earning a Russian alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a great victory over a superior Ottoman force at Baghavard and by the summer of , Iranian Armenia and Georgia were his again. In March , he signed a treaty with the Russians in Ganja by which the latter agreed to withdraw all of their troops from Iranian territory, [31] [32] those which had not been ceded back by the Treaty of Resht yet, resulting in the reestablishment of Iranian rule over all of the Caucasus and northern mainland Iran again.
Nader suggested to his closest intimates, after a great hunting party on the Moghan plains presently split between Azerbaijan and Iran , that he should be proclaimed the new king shah in place of the young Abbas III. The Moghan plain was specifically chosen for its size and 'abundance of fodder'.
Nader was crowned Shah of Iran on March 8, , a date his astrologers had chosen as being especially propitious, [36] in attendance of an 'exceptionally large assembly' composed of the military, religious and nobility of the nation, as well as the Ottoman ambassador Ali Pasha.
The Safavids had introduced Shi'a Islam as the state religion of Iran. Nader was probably brought up as a Shi'a [38] but later espoused the Sunni [39] faith as he gained power and began to push into the Ottoman Empire. His army was a mix of Shi'a and Sunni with a notable minority of Christians and included his own Qizilbash as well as Uzbeks, Afghans, Christian Georgians and Armenians, [40] [41] and others.
He wanted Iran to adopt a form of religion that would be more acceptable to Sunnis and suggested that Iran adopt a form of Shi'ism he called 'Ja'fari', in honour of the sixth Shi'a imamJa'far al-Sadiq.
He banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis, such as the cursing of the first three caliphs. Personally, Nader is said to have been indifferent towards religion and the French Jesuit who served as his personal physician reported that it was difficult to know which religion he followed and that many who knew him best said that he had none.
In the subsequent peace negotiations, the Ottomans refused to acknowledge Ja'farism as a fifth mazhab but they did allow Iranian pilgrims to go on the hajj. Nader was interested in gaining rights for Iranians to go on the hajj in part because of revenues from the pilgrimage trade. He had the chief mullah of Iran strangled after he was heard expressing support for the Safavids. Among his reforms was the introduction of what came to be known as the kolah-e Naderi.
This was a hat with four peaks which symbolised the first four caliphs. In , eight Muslim mullahs and three European and five Armenian priests translated the Koran and the Gospels. In , Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the last outpost of the Hotaki dynasty. His thoughts now turned to the Mughal Empire based in Delhi. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.
Necessary Necessary. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". It does not store any personal data. Functional Functional. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.
Performance Performance. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Analytics Analytics. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.
0コメント